The Chasers War on Everything.

So apparently the Chaser's will be back and in full force this Wednesday and in preparation I have been re-watching my favourite episodes. 

The Good News is....

“The man who tries to grab the shining stars from out of the sky goes crook on life, and calls the world a cheat, and tramples on the daisies at his feet”

What is much loved Australian poet, C.J Denis trying to tell us?  Is life predestined or do we have a choice? Is it a pursuit of happiness, money or even power? Life, for everyone is different but the good news is everyone can control their own destiny and make their life what they want.

         
For me life is a journey, an adventurous journey, through valleys, over the highest mountains, along many plains, across raging waters and serene lakes. For everyone life brings high points, low troughs and the normality of everyday. Everyone faces storms and conflicts but everyone also has the chance to enjoy peace and harmony. So whilst we are travellers on this journey, we may be forced to take a detour and we may have to chart our way through storms but essentially we choose our own direction and how we enjoy the journey. And that is good news!!

Many people believe that everything is pre-destined and fate controls our lives, while others believe we can choose whatever we want, even if fate deals us a bad hand, Of course history is full of people who have chosen to make the best of their lives despite the difficulties facing them. Nelson Mandela fought for justice in South Africa only to be gaoled by the white government for twenty-five years. He never gave up hope and despite the best years of his life being spent in jail he emerged to become the first black president and lead his country to reconciliation. His commitment to truth, justice and understanding is reflective of a man determined to make the best of his life.

 At 19 months Helen Keller lost her hearing and eyesight to scarlet fever. She never lost hope and nether did her family. At 7 years old, a teacher, Anna Sullivan came into her life and gave her a glimmer of hope. Seizing this Helen achieved her dreams of teaching others despite her own problems. She achieved worldwide fame for having overcome her double handicap of deafness and blindness to become one of the most influential public figures of her time, working tirelessly for the rights of the handicapped. She was a suffragette, an enormously popular public speaker, and a successful writer. She was  a true pioneer of social advancement.

However the good news is that it is not only extraordinary people who can achieve great things. Many everyday people have overcome challenges to make their lives meaningful and happy.

Trisha Broadbridge an Australian  who had her world turned upside down when on her honeymoon she was widowed during the boxing day tsunami. Facing a future without her husband, she was determined to make her life worthwhile for his memory. She returned to Asia to establish a medical centre for local people who had lost everything.

       Gillian Armstrong, an Aussie living in London could have wallowed in self pity after she lost her legs in the London underground bombing, however she defied doctors and proved life is what you make it when she walked down the aisle at her wedding on artificial legs.

Perhaps the most heart-warming example of struggling against overwhelming odds is a young boy named Bradley Wolf. At nine months he was with cerebral palsy. His family never gave up hope that one day a miracle would happen. And it did. At thirteen Brad wrote his first message to the world, ‘I Love You Dad.’ In his thirteen years, of not being able to communicate Bradley taught himself to read, he wrote and memorised poems. Neither he nor his family ever gave up hope. Despite his disabilities and his wonderful mind being trapped in a twisted body, he made his life inspirational.  Although he died a year later he proved that life really is what you make it.
      
Nelson Mandela choose to make his life honourable and a blessing for his people and indeed the world. Helen Keller strove to do what others thought impossible.

Trisha Broadbridge and Gillian Armstrong instead of being devastated by their loss decided to do something about it.
These people did not focus on their misfortunes, they did not focus on what they didn’t have but on what they did have and made the most of their lives no matter what type of hand they had been dealt.

          So  the good news is we can make our lives what we want?

Focus on our blessings, not misfortunes, “The happiest people don’t necessarily have the best of everything, they  just make the most of everything that comes their way.”
Be grateful for what you have and accept if you cannot have what you want, be positive, make the most of every situation and turn it into something good. “If life gives you a lemon, make lemonade.”

When adversity comes your way face it with dignity and determination, remember when the going gets tough, the tough get going.

Optimism is vital so always look on the bright side of life, and remember that bad times don’t last forever.
Most importantly, choose fun and smile it helps, as laughter really is the best medicine. “Live everyday like it’s your last, so smile as much as possible.”

          So no matter what you believe your life is – make the most of it. Every moment is a passing opportunity never to be offered again. CARPE DIEM – seize the day, and enjoy the simple joys. Don’t miss the beauty of the daisies at your feet because you are to busy chasing an impossible dream. Life wasn’t meant to be easy, but take heart it can be delightful! And that is good news!

JOUR1111 Lecture 9 - News Values

New Values are what can either make and then quite literally break a story or what can render a story obsolete. In essence News Values are general guidelines which determine the news worthiness of a story. News Values are not universal and are subject to a variety or influences including culture and location.

News Value can be defined as "The degree of prominence a media outlet gives to a story, and the attention that is paid by an audience." Or as Arthur Evelyn Waugh put it,  “News is what a chap who doesn't care much about anything wants to read. And it's only news until he's read it. After that it's dead.”

News Values depend upon four factors, that is; impact, audience identification, pragmatics and source influence.

Impact: The impact and effect the story has upon its audience and the interest it therefore creates.

Audience Identification: Anything that the audience can relate to or identify with. A story that may be close to their region or culture or simply the world and that they find interesting.

Pragmatics: the forever-changing context of news. eg. ethics, facticity, practice, practical, current affairs  

Source Influence: As Julia Hobsbawm, UK PR executive once stated "Journalism loves to hate PR … whether for spinning, controlling access, approving copy, or protecting clients at the expense of the 

truth. Yet journalism has never needed public relations more, and PR has never done a better job for the media." Source influence is the influence held over journalists by the source of the story which can then manipulate the outcome. 

News worthiness can further be founded in the simple notion of the inverted triangle. The more valuable news values are found at the top of the triangle, and essentially form ‘front-page’ news. Those less important, and less likely to be read, aren’t found on the front page, but latter in the news platform.

Since the birth of journalism, what defines news as being newsworthy and what makes a story into a news story has been analysed in an attempt to define News Values. The question of what will lead a TV or Radio News bulletin or what will become the headline or online feature has forever been analysed, this is essential what journalism is built around. The following are some conclusions of the most important factors by various analysers. 

Newsworthiness:  Common factors and news agendas as analysed by Galtung and Ruge (1965)

Negativity: Bad news - involving death, tragedy, bankruptcy, violence, damage, natural disasters, political upheaval or simply extreme weather conditions - is always rated above 'positive' stories (royal weddings, celebrations etc)

Closeness to home (Proximity): Audiences supposedly relate more to stories that are close to

them geographically, or involve people from their country, or those that are reported that way (eg '12 Taiwanese aboard Australia Crash Plane'). News gatekeepers must consider carefully how meaningful a story will be to their particular audience.

Recency: Newspapers are very competitive about breaking news - about revealing stories as they happen. 24 hour news channels such as Sky News, CNN and BBC World also rate this value very highly. However, as we have seen with the events of September 11, stories may take a while to develop, and become coherent, so recency is not always the best value to rate.

Currency: This is almost opposite to recency, in that stories that have been in the public eye for some time already are deemed valuable. Therefore a story -for instance about the abduction and murder of a child - may run for weeks and weeks, even if nothing new really happens.

Continuity: Events that are likely to have a continuing impact (a war, a two week sports tournament) have a high value when the story breaks, as they will develop into an ongoing narrative which will get audiences to 'tune in tomorrow'.

Uniqueness: 'Dog Bites Man' is not a story. 'Man Bites Dog' is. Any story which covers a unique or unusual event (two-headed elephant born to Birmingham woman) has news values.

Simplicity: Obvious, but true. Stories which are easy to explain ('Cat stuck up tree') are preferred over stories which are not (anything to do with the Balkan or Palestinian conflicts).

Personality: Stories that centre around a particular person, because they can be presented from a 'human interest' angle, are beloved of newspapers, particularly if they involve a well-known person. Some say this news value has become distorted, and that news organisations over-rate personality stories, particularly those involving celebrities (‘Shane Warne and Liz Hurley may be engaged'). 

Expectedness (Predictability): Does the event match the expectations of a news organisation and its 

audience? Or, has what was expected to happen (violence at a demonstration, horrific civilian casualties in a terrorist attack) actually happened? If a news story conforms to the preconceived ideas of those covering it, then it has expectedness as an important news value.
Elite Nations Or People: Any story which covers an important, powerful nation (or organisation) has 

greater news values than a story which covers a less important nation. The same goes for people. Kevin Rudd is newsworthy at the moment whatever he does or wherever he goes. Charlie Sheen was in this boat for some time as well.
Exclusivity: Also a major factor when setting the news agenda. If a newspaper or news program is the first and only news organisation breaking a story, then they will rate that very highly. The UK Sunday papers are very fond of exclusives, and will often break a story of national or international importance that no one else has.

Size: Size does matter when it comes to news stories. The bigger impact a story has, the more people it affects, the more money/resources it involves, the higher its value. This is also known as ‘threshold’

Three hypothesis drawn from  Galtung and Ruge's analysis were:

1. The additivity hypothesis that the more factors an event satisfies, the higher the probability that it becomes news.
2. The complementarity hypothesis that the factors will tend to exclude each other. 
3. The exclusion hypothesis that events that satisfy none or very few factors will usually not become news.

Lanson, Gerald and Mitchell Stephens in 'Writing and Reporting The News' in 1994, nearly 30 years after Galtung and Ruge's analysis, described News Values as being based around the following eleven factors:

Impact: The facts and events that have the greatest effect on the audience are the most newsworthy.

Weight: The significance of a particular fact or event lies in its value with respect to other facts or events.

Controversy: Arguments, debates, charges, countercharges, and fights increase the value of news.

Emotion: Take into account human interests that touch our emotions.

The Unusual: When a dog bites a man it's not news. But when a man bites a dog, it is news.

Prominence: More prominent individuals are given more attention.

Proximity: Concentrate on news that is of local interest; the closer to home the better.

Timeliness: Emphasize what is new.

Currency: Take into account what is on people's minds.

Usefulness: Help the audience answer questions and solve problems in their daily lives.

Educational Value: Make readers more knowledgeable rather than merely informed.

Since the publication of the original 1965 values by Galtung and Ruge news values have been repeatedly analysed. Most recently Harcup and O'Niel in reviewing and extending on the original theory of Galtung and Ruge's and through a study of the UK press, described the following ten factors as the basis for News Values.

1. THE POWER ELITE. Stories concerning powerful individuals, organisations or institutions.

2. CELEBRITY. Stories concerning people who are famous.

3. ENTERTAINMENT. Stories concerning sex, showbusiness, human interest, animals, an unfolding drama, or offering opportunities for humorous treatment, entertaining photographs or witty headlines.

4. SURPRISE. Stories that have an element of surprise and / or contrast.

5. BAD NEWS. Stories with particularly negative overtones, such as conflict or tragedy.

6. GOOD NEWS. Stories with particularly positive overtones such as rescues and cures.

7. MAGNITUDE. Stories that are perceived as sufficiently significant either in the numbers of people involved or in potential impact.

8. RELEVANCE. Stories about issues, groups and nations perceived to be relevant to the audience.

9. FOLLOW-UP. Stories about subjects already in the news.
10. NEWSPAPER AGENDA. Stories that set or represent the news organisation’s own agenda. 

However in today's society and technologically driven world, there is no doubt that newsworthiness faces various threats. These threats are predominately found in the form of public relations, commercialization and the constant struggle between ideals and reality in the field of journalism. Quite simply put, PR is giving journalists an easy way out which is rendering them more and more lazy, commercialisation is slowly but surely destroying quality and the increasing pressures of reality are forever blurring the search for journalistic ideals. 

I believe that as future journalists we must strive to distil quality practices and performances into our stories and work and never stop in the pursuit of 'good journalism'. 

Some Memories.

An Uphill Battle For Women.

We reiterate our conviction that the great body of Queensland women do not want the vote, we are perfectly sure that in the end it will be for evil". So reported the Brisbane Courier Mail on September the 1^st 1900. With attitudes like this it cannot be argued that it was anything but an uphill battle for women. It was a battle which women and their supporters fought with tenacity, pride and determination. The women of the world have succeeded in achieving much of what was fought for – equality, rights and opportunities but the battle is not over yet. Young women, myself included must continue to fight the battle… to be a force in today’s society and make our mark on our communities and our world so that the fight of the women before us is not wasted.  We must honour them by making our contribution worthwhile and a true justification for their struggle. The women who came before us fought the uphill battle and earned the right to vote– > today’s women must now take up the fight and make that vote count. 

After the efforts of the suffragettes’, little over a hundred years ago, Queensland joined New Zealand and South Australia in granting the vote to women. The argument for the vote were astonishingly obvious.  At the meeting forming the Women's Equal Franchise Association in Brisbane in 1894, the speaker eloquently summed it up when she said, >"It appears manifestly unfair that almost one-half of the adult population should have to submit to laws enacted by the other half and that although they bear their share of taxation, they are prohibited from exercising a voice in the selection of the representatives of the people in Parliament." 

The arguments against the vote were far more entertaining. Donald Mackintosh, a member of Queensland parliament said "Women who go about forming women's> electoral> leagues and so forth should stop at home and mind the children.  By and by, there will be no more children at all." The Brisbane Courier Mail went on to say "Suppose she thinks for herself.  Over the dinner table, wife is to quarrel with husband and sister with brother.  Political faction is to divide the home and drive man's helpmate from his side.

Despite this, as history records, the vote was won and women have forged ahead in many areas. While there remain some valid complaints of glass ceilings and too few women in Australian board rooms and lower pay in some instances, we have still come a long way and we have continued to forge ahead.

We now have legislation that would have been unheard of when women were given the vote.  We have domestic violence legislation to prevent intimidation, harassment and violence.  We have anti-discrimination legislation to prevent people being disadvantaged because of age, disability or gender.  We have the Family Law Act which protects people from exploitation on separation or family disputes.

So that uphill battle to gain recognition and equality may be won but there is another uphill battle facing women today. That is to ensure that the rights and vote so strongly fought for are not wasted. With women commanding 50% of the vote, have we truly been influential in forming our Government and their priorities?  I, for one, hope not.   I hope that some of the decisions made by governments are not reflective of women’s values and desires. I hope that we are still to realise our full potential and power in shaping our world. 

Relatively speaking, we have only just extricated ourselves from the shame of the White Australia policy which enshrined bigotry in our legislation. Both sides of politics supported this for 60 years, including many women. It took a long time to realise it was unacceptable for 14,000,000 white Australians to occupy this vast land but then prevent others from sharing it on the basis of skin colour. 

We then began the long process of reconciliation with people whom we had displaced and oppressed – the first inhabitants of this land.  So began a culture that Aussies loved to say we promote – > that of a multicultural nation one of diversity and acceptance.  But what on earth happened?  As the light of tolerance began to grow, it seems somebody turned it off and the mood of intolerance was heightened by talkback radio and politicians producing bigotry unseen in this country for 40 years.  What did women do to respond to this?

The level of bigotry released into our community grew daily. The response to the appalling Tampa episode and the climate of fear fostered in the shameful use of detention centres were reflective of the growing prejudice.  Few of us really understood – fed by politicians on one hand and by media on the other.  But if any of us could really understand the reality of life for the inhabitants who fled persecution and misery and war, we could not possibly stand by and let people, especially children, live in despair in wired compounds. Even if we faced an uphill battle, we should have fought it. We the women of today who were given a say by the efforts of our sisters before us should have fought it more strongly. We should have said No to this prejudice and bigotry.

Why did we not know, or is the question why did we not care?  Why did we not collectively rise up when families, after years of trauma and humiliation, were loaded on to a chartered aircraft in the middle of the night and returned to their places of persecution?                                                                                                                                               

The women who came before us fought the uphill battle and earned the right to vote– today’s women must now take up the fight and make that vote count. 

We must stand up for what we believe – we must seek to bequeath to our children a world free from violence, oppression but, more importantly, bigotry and prejudice.  As Women we can bring a sense of peace, a sense of justice and true compassion. And as women with the vote, we must make it count. It is the only way to honour those who fought the battle to gain us this privilege.

The Honorary Justice Foxton said in November 1901 – "I do not believe in the vote for women.  I believe in short that a large number of women are apathetic."

I don't think so.  In fact, I know they’re not – we just need a reminder now and then to stand up and be counted – to face any battle even if uphill. We must make our vote count to ensure that our society is one of which we can be proud, truly multicultural and free of prejudice and bigotry. By bequeathing this to our children we honour those who bequeathed our rights and opportunities to us. 

JOUR1111 Lecture 8 - Ethics.

In 1994, Kevin Carter won a Pulitzer Prize for his haunting photo of a vulture stalking an emaciated Sudanese girl. The photo, first published in the New York Times in 1993, stirred an emotional response in its viewers who then questioned what had happened to the girl. It was later revealed that neither Carter nor the New York Times knew what happened to her. Carter become notorious for sticking to the journalistic principle of being an observor and not getting involved - he left after taking his photo and no more that shoo the vulture away, he did not provide further aid to the girl. This story raises the question of ethics? Shoul Carter have provided more assistance to the girl and either carried her to the feeding-station close by or at least notified someone or was he right in sticking to the basic principle of photography in not getting involved and acting as a simple bystander?

The notion of ethics in communication, public relations and journalism has long been disputed. Ethics is a term that can be defined as

1. Moral principles that govern a person's or group's behaviour.
2. The moral correctness of specified conduct.

Just as Potter Stewart, the late US Supreme Court judge said, “Ethics is knowing the difference between what you have a right to do and what is right to do.”

Donna Meiklejohn, in today's lecture, highlights how all ethics fall under one of the following three categories, that is;

Deontology
Put simply Deontology dictates was is fundamental right or wrong based on a set of written principles. Deontology stems from external rules, principles, and duty and all ethics codes are deontological. Meiklejohn describes how it is duty-based ethics which is focused on the actions of people and the consequences of their actions. 

Consequentialism

Essentially, consequentialism is results-based ethics.  Meiklejohn  described how consequentialism is based on getting a "good" or "wrong" outcome that matters and it doesn't matter how we got there; the ends justify the means. Consequentialism looks beyond the ethical behaviour and is solely focused on the outcome and that the greatest good is for the greatest number of people. The Internet Encyclopaedia of Philosophy gives a plain and simple definition of consequentialism: “Of all the things a person might do at any given moment, the morally right action is the one with the best overall actions.” 

Virtue Ethics
Virtual ethics is an innate code of ethics meaning it is based around the character of a person and does not stem from an external guidebook. It is based around the idea of moral obligation and the notion that "goodness" comes from morally good habits (or dispositions) of character. The separation of right from wrong directly aligns with moral obligation and a persons characteristics. Aristotle identified "virtues" such as courage, justice, temperance and prudence. Essentially Virtue Ethics are good habits of character, and provide moral direction in one’s life.

Further stemming from the idea of Virtue Ethic s if the Doctrine of the Mean.
Essentially the Doctrine of the Mean highlights how certain characteristics can go too far one way or not too far another. For example courage is the mean between too much: rashness and too little: cowardice. Justice is the mean between injustice of overzealous and excessive law and the injustice of lawlessness.


This is the AFA’s code of ethics.

• Act in the best interest of my clients to extend their financial life and abide by the laws and regulations under which I conduct business.
• Strive to achieve the highest standards of professional competence by maintaining and improving my knowledge and skills.
• Hold in strictest confidence and consider privileged, all business and personal information pertaining to my clients’ affairs.
• Present accurately, honestly and completely, every fact known to me which is essential to my clients’ decision making.
• Use all ethical means to educate my clients about their present and future financial needs.
• To provide an appropriate level of service to my clients and their beneficiaries.
• Maintain high standards of personal and professional conduct to reflect favourably upon the profession of Financial Adviser and serve as an example to others.

Factual Story - A Literary Love Story.

Six children, twenty-two grandchildren and twenty great-grandchildren. It was a life partnership that started with one letter and five simple words; “Give it to me then”. Five seemingly innocuous words that had a lifelong impact on Les Dwyer. It was not the most auspicious or romantic of beginnings however it was a lasting love, 59 years to be precise.

Les and Lola, Thailand 1998. 

The year was 1946. He remembers it well. For him it was a year of starting afresh and new adventures. It also happened to be the year Lola came into his life. Les Dwyer had returned to St Brendan’s College Yeppoon to complete his final year of school as a boarder. He had taken the previous year and a half off to assist his father and then mourn his death and finally arrange his affairs including the selling of a small business. Upon his return he remembers that he was enthusiastically greeted by all his old friends.

However like all school boys, they often sought a reprieve from the repetitive hustle and bustle of the school day. One boy, whether out of boredom or pure brazenness entered all the names of his ‘mates’ into the Church Magazine and listed them as wanting a pen friend. Les recalls that the responses were numerous and varied from the “ages of fourteen to forty.”

Les and Lola - 2002

 “We were seated in the refectory in three row tables with six at each table. I was the captain of my house – the Hayes house. It was dinner time and the mail was always delivered at the night time meal. John Murphy received the letter and read it out.” It was from a girl, more than 3,000 kilometres away in the small city of Geelong. She too was in her final year at school and a boarder at a catholic college. Les then asked one simple question, one that he did not know would result in “such far-reaching effects.” Was John Murphy going to answer the letter? “Not on your Nelly” was the response. Les remembers replying “Well give it to me then.”  Those innocuous words would have a lifelong impact. So the letters commenced and a friendship grew to a close relationship. In years to come Lola always said that if there was one thing Les could do, it was write a good letter.

Les and Lola meeting Queen Elizabeth - 1970

It was 1951 and while the letters continued, accompanied by the occasional photo, the two still had not met. Les worked hard in his business and travel was not easy or cheap. No doubt though his letters to and from Lola filled a void in living a life in an isolated region in Queensland. Receiving Lola’s letters from Melbourne where she began work was a medium to a different and exciting world.

Les had purchased a sea-side business at Seaforth in 1949 with the money left to him by his father and at the tender age of 21 he was working as the sole operator. It was in this year that Lola wrote to him and told him she would be travelling to Sydney with two friends for a holiday. “I remember thinking that it’s time to make more direct contact with her.” So with his mother minding his shop for the few precious days Les set off to Sydney to stay with a long-time college friend and most importantly to finally meet Lola. 

Lola and Les - 1951

The day still remains clear in his memory. Les is a fine storyteller and has regaled many audiences with the love story.  “She had booked into a hotel and I was going upstairs to meet her but she was coming down and we ended up meeting half way on the staircase. And you know what that brazen, forward girl did to me? She kissed me!” The next day Les and Lola had their first date at Luna Park in Sydney which obviously went well! Discovering their physical attraction was as strong as the bond built through five years of corresponding, Les proposed.  Lola obviously felt the same and they were engaged to be married that night. “The next day we went shopping and I asked her what sort of ring she wanted. Sapphires she replied and so we went into a little jewellery shop where I bought her a sapphire ring with a diamond on either side.”

Lola was to get a taste of her future when she travelled to Mackay to visit Les and his family.  It was 1951 and a flight from Melbourne to Mackay was a long ordeal but then a four hour bus ride to Seaforth – a beachside community near Mackay must have felt like she was going to the back of beyond.

Les and Lola - 1952

Les recalls with some mirth that the driver dropped her off with instructions to follow the track through the bush and she would find the beach and Les’ shop. It was dusk and as she wandered through she became aware of a flicker of light through the foliage. As she emerged into a clearing she was taken aback as a group of aboriginal women sat in a circle fanning a fire. The dry fear rising in her throat dissipated as the stunned looks on their faces gave way to the biggest smiles and through gleaming white teeth one said “you must be Lola.” With great fondness he recounted that those women were to become her close friends for years to come. Lola returned to Geelong to organise the wedding and prepare to move over 3000 kilometres to a new life.

The two were married the following April in 1952. It was a Geelong wedding with Les only flying down several days before the wedding to be introduced to the bridal party and his best man. He did not have a lot of family and it was expensive to travel for his friends. They returned to Seaforth and worked together in the store and post office before relocating to Koumala – Les’ hometown south of Mackay where they remained until 1961 when they relocated to Mackay.

 Les and Lola's family at their 50th wedding anniversary - 2002

Les and Lola were married for fifty-three years before her death in 2005. They have six children, twenty two grandchildren and twenty great-grandchildren to date. For both Les and Lola there was never anyone else. And to think it all began with a simple prank of one school boy and the chance that the boy who received the letter read it out was sitting at my grandfather’s table.